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The baccalauréat ((:bakaloʁeˈa)), often known in France colloquially as ''le bac'', is an academic qualification which French students take at the end of high school. It was introduced by Napoleon I in 1808. It is the main diploma required to pursue university studies. There is also the European Baccalaureate which students take at the end of the European School education. It confirms a rounded secondary education, gives access to a wide range of university education and differs from English A-levels and Scottish Highers in that it cannot be obtained in single subjects. ==Overview== Much like British A-levels or European Matura, the ''baccalauréat'' allows French and international students to obtain a standardised qualification, typically at the age of 18. This then qualifies holders to work in certain areas, or go on to tertiary education or acquire some other professional qualification or training. The vast majority of students in their final year of secondary school take the exam. In theory, the students in ''lycée'' could choose not to sit for the ''baccalauréat'' at the end of the ''lycée'', as it is by law an exam to qualify students for entrance into university. Unlike some U.S. high school diplomas, it is not a ''lycée'' completion exam. The word ''bac'' is also used to refer to one of the end-of-year exams that students must pass in order to get their ''baccalauréat'' diploma: ''le bac de philo'', for example, is the philosophy exam (which all students must take, regardless of their field of study). Within France, there are three main types of ''baccalauréat'': *the ''baccalauréat général'' (general baccalaureate); *the ''baccalauréat professionnel'' (professional baccalaureate); *the ''baccalauréat technologique'' (technological baccalaureate). Each of these categories encompasses several somewhat specialized curricula. For entrance to regular universities within France, however, there are some restrictions as to the type of baccalauréat that can be presented. In some cases, it may be possible to enter a French university without the ''bac'' by taking a special exam, the ''diploma for entrance to higher education''. Though most students take the ''bac'' at the end of secondary school, it is also possible to enter as a ''candidat libre'' (literally, "free candidate") without affiliation to a school. Students who did not take the bac upon completion of secondary school (or did not manage to pass it) and would like to attend university, or feel that the bac would help them accomplish professional aspirations, may exercise this option. The exam is no different from the one administered to secondary-school students, except that free candidates are tested in Physical Education, whereas students' Physical Education grade is calculated based on evaluation throughout the year 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Baccalauréat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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